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Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (T3.0)
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RP 3-2 – Co-Design of Multi-Storey Timber Building Systems for Building Stock Extension

Co-Design of Multi-Storey Timber Building Systems for Building Stock Extension

Research Project 3-2 (RP 3-2)

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CO-DESIGN, ADAPTATION, INTEGRATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MULTI-STOREY TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR BUILDING STOCK EXTENSION

The fulfilment of the sustainable development goals defined by the United Nations requires innovations and commitments from all industries. For the building sector this translates into the need to adopt more cost- and energy-efficient methods, decrease material waste, and increase the use of CO₂-neutral materials such as timber. This can be realised by developing co-design methods which integrate architectural, structural, and building physics criteria in feedback with novel fabrication and construction possibilities in order to articulate timber building systems that overcome the typical limitations of multi-storey timber structures. Such quasi mono-material and future-proof wood building systems are based on standard timber-materials (e.g. GLT or CLT) and offer open-purpose, multi-functional, and geometrically bespoke column, wall, and ceiling elements, thus achieving bi-axial, variable span, and structurally optimized, resource-effective solutions using on-site/ off-site additive and subtractive manufacturing processes. This would enable independence from typically restraining rigid grid ordering systems and foster new timber architecture typologies that are also attractive for long-term use by being adaptable and flexibly programmable.

Based on the insights of the predecessor project RP3-1, RP3-2 will address the next set of research challenges for the co-design methods and multi-storey timber building systems developments by: (1) Expanding the system’s design space towards the extension of existing building stock, through the investigation and integration of design adaptation methods and flexible strategies for establishing performative interfaces with existing structures. Further, (2) we will investigate the possibilities of replacing remaining non-timber building system elements with wood-based solutions, aiding in the integration of additional building elements into the existing building system, such as lateral bracing. Consequently, this will include the investigation of bonded joints in regard to energy dissipation capabilities and fire/high temperature resistance. We will also (3) extend the interdisciplinary modelling methods with further relevant parameters (e.g. fire-resistance) and investigate multi-parameter optimization methods and frameworks for the design beyond those developed in RP3-1. Finally, (4) the research will establish a coordinated interdisciplinary project development process and a coherent computational design and engineering model through continuous synthesis. The resulting novel building system and methods will be demonstrated and evaluated through the building elements in the IntCDC demonstrator building. In parallel, we will evaluate the building stock extension method through benchmark and synthesis studies.

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS

Prof. Achim Menges
ICD - Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers
ITKE - Institute for Building Structures and Structural Design, University of Stuttgart
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Philip Leistner
IABP - Institute for Acoustics and Building Physics, University of Stuttgart
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Garrecht with Dr. Simon Aicher
MPA – Materials Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart

TEAM

Theresa Müller (IABP)
Luis Orozco (ICD)
Nils Opgenorth (ICD)
Cristóbal Tapia Camú (MPA)
Hans-Jakob Wagner (ICD)
Lorenz Riedel (ITKE)
Simon Treml (ICD)

PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS

2023
1. Aicher, S., Münzer, A., Hezel, J., & Weber, S. (2023). Head pull-through capacity of load-bearing timber screws – Influential parameters and shortcomings of European test procedure. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 18(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2155994
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  @article{Aicher_2023, author = {Aicher, Simon and Münzer, Aaron and Hezel, Jürgen and Weber, Steffen}, doi = {10.1080/17480272.2022.2155994}, journal = {Wood Material Science \& Engineering}, number = 4, pages = {1505--1520}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, title = {Head pull-through capacity of load-bearing timber screws – Influential parameters and shortcomings of European test procedure}, volume = 18, year = 2023 }
2. Krtschil, A., Orozco, L., Wagner, H. J., Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2023). Structural Performance and Nesting Efficiency of segmented, point-supported, slabs for co-designed timber architecture. Structures, 57, 105260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105260
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  @article{Krtschil_2023, author = {Krtschil, Anna and Orozco, Luis and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Menges, Achim and Knippers, Jan}, doi = {10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105260}, journal = {Structures}, month = {11}, pages = 105260, publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, title = {Structural Performance and Nesting Efficiency of segmented, point-supported, slabs for co-designed timber architecture}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.istruc.2023.105260}, volume = 57, year = 2023 }
3. Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Wagner, H. J., Bechert, S., Amtsberg, F., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings. Sustainability, 15(23), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316178
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  @article{su152316178, abstract = {To meet climate change goals and respond to increased global urbanisation, the building industry needs to improve both its building technology and its design methods. Constrained urban environments and building stock extensions are challenges for standard timber construction. Co-design promises to better integrate disciplines and processes, promising smaller feedback loops for design iteration and building verification. This article describes the integrated design, fabrication, and construction processes of a timber building prototype as a case study for the application of co-design methods. Emphasis is placed on the development of design and engineering methods, fabrication and construction processes, and materials and building systems. The development of the building prototype builds on previous research in robotic fabrication (including prefabrication, task distribution, and augmented reality integration), agent-based modelling (ABM) for the design and optimisation of structural components, and the systematisation of timber buildings and their components. The results presented in this article include a functional example of co-design from which best practises may be extrapolated as part of an inductive approach to design research. The prototype, with its co-designed process and resultant flat ceilings, integrated services, wide spans, and design adaptability for irregular column locations, has the potential to expand the design potential of multi-storey timber buildings.}, article-number = {16178}, author = {Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Bechert, Simon and Amtsberg, Felix and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.3390/su152316178}, issn = {2071-1050}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = 23, title = {Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/23/16178}, volume = 15, year = 2023 }
4. Orozco, L., Svatoš-Ražnjević, H., Wagner, H. J., Abdelaal, M., Amtsberg, F., Weiskopf, D., & Menges, A. (2023). Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Quantitative Review of 646 Global Design and Construction Stakeholders. Buildings, 13(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092287
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  @article{buildings13092287, abstract = {There has been a multi-storey timber construction boom since the start of the millennium. While there is now a body of research on trends, benefits, and disadvantages of timber construction, there is not yet literature on the wider market or the impact of stakeholders on it. This research investigates the (i) architects, (ii) engineers, and (iii) manufacturers involved in the realization of 300 contemporary multi-storey timber buildings from an existing survey. The analysis is based on data sourced from stakeholder websites and the building survey. It evaluates the perceived level of timber expertise of stakeholders based on service categorization and stakeholder type and relates them to the buildings they worked on. The research uses quantitative methods to answer qualitative questions on the connection between architectural variety in timber construction and the stakeholders involved. Interconnectivity between stakeholders and projects is visualized in an interactive network graph. The study shows a segmented mass timber market with relatively few impactful design and construction stakeholders, mostly located in central and northern Europe. It also identifies fabricators as the largest group of innovators advancing the industry and enabling the construction of more complex projects. It reveals the importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing for the industry’s growth.}, article-number = {2287}, author = {Orozco, Luis and Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hana and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Abdelaal, Moataz and Amtsberg, Felix and Weiskopf, Daniel and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.3390/buildings13092287}, issn = {2075-5309}, journal = {Buildings}, number = 9, title = {Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Quantitative Review of 646 Global Design and Construction Stakeholders}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/9/2287}, volume = 13, year = 2023 }
5. Orozco, L., Wagner, H. J., Krtschil, A., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). Computational Segmentation of Timber Slabs with Free Column Placement. Computer-Aided Design, 103650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2023.103650
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  @article{Orozco_2023, author = {Orozco, Luis and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Krtschil, Anna and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.1016/j.cad.2023.103650}, issn = {0010-4485}, journal = {Computer-Aided Design}, month = {11}, pages = 103650, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {Computational Segmentation of Timber Slabs with Free Column Placement}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2023.103650}, year = 2023 }
6. Sahin, E. S., Locatelli, D., Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Wagner, H. J., Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2023). Feedback-Based Design Method for Spatially-Informed and Structurally-Performative Column Placement in Multi-Story Construction. In P. Yuan & N. Leach (Eds.), Phygital Intelligence.
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  @inproceedings{Sahin.2023, address = {Shanghai, China}, author = {Sahin, Ekin Sila and Locatelli, Daniel and Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Menges, Achim and Knippers, Jan}, booktitle = {Phygital Intelligence}, editor = {Yuan, Philip and Leach, Neil}, title = {Feedback-Based Design Method for Spatially-Informed and Structurally-Performative Column Placement in Multi-Story Construction}, year = 2023 }
7. Svatoš-Ražnjević, H., Krtschil, A., Orozco, L., Neubauer, G., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). Towards Design Flexibility and Freedom In Multi-Storey Timber Construction: Architectural Applications of a Novel, Adaptive Hollow Slab Building System. In K. A. Malo, A. Q. Nyrud, & K. Nore (Eds.), World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) (pp. 3905--3916). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0508
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  @inproceedings{SvatosRaznjevic.2023, address = {As, Norway}, author = {Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hana and Krtschil, Anna and Orozco, Luis and Neubauer, Gregor and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, booktitle = {World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}, doi = {10.52202/069179-0508}, editor = {Malo, Kjell Arne and Nyrud, Anders Q. and Nore, Kristine}, isbn = {978-1-7138-7329-7}, pages = {3905--3916}, publisher = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}}, title = {Towards Design Flexibility and Freedom In Multi-Storey Timber Construction: Architectural Applications of a Novel, Adaptive Hollow Slab Building System}, year = 2023 }
8. Tapia, C., & Aicher, S. (2023). A new concept for column-to-column connections for multi-storey timber buildings — Numerical and experimental investigations. Engineering Structures, 295, 116770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116770
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  @article{Tapia_2023, abstract = {A new jointing concept for the vertical load transfer between glued laminated timber (GLT) columns in multi-storey timber buildings has been developed. The basic components of the connection are two stepped, pyramid-shaped inserts made from block-glued laminated veneer lumber (LVL), which are bonded oppositely into corresponding cavities of the jointed GLTs. The load transfer between the mating columns relies on an intermediate LVL pin, fitting into pyramid-type cavities. Beech LVL was chosen for both, insert and pin, due to its 2.2 times higher characteristic compressive strength as compared to the employed high-strength softwood GLT (GL32h). The form fit of the stepped components which are bonded together relies on high precision robotic milling and a gap-filling two-component polyurethane adhesive. Manufacturing and mechanical performance of the scalable connection was investigated with full-sized specimens, achieving up to 90% of the characteristic GLT compressive capacity of 1040kN for a cross-section of 180mm×180mm. A parametric model based on the finite element method (FEM) showed a good agreement with empiric strain distributions and provided a stress-spread angle of 35° for the concentrated vertical load for an analytical design approach. The location and magnitude of tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain causing splitting failure was identified by FEM. Reinforcement by self-tapping screws proved a significant load-capacity enhancement. The mean experimental axial compressive load capacity exceeded the analytical prediction by 19%. First investigations on the rotational stiffness delivered a value of 240kNm/rad. The column utilization due to additional directly supported floor slabs was assessed exclusively by FEM. The calculation results predict a significant reduction of the tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain to be verified experimentally.}, author = {Tapia, Cristóbal and Aicher, Simon}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116770}, issn = {0141-0296}, journal = {Engineering Structures}, pages = 116770, title = {A new concept for column-to-column connections for multi-storey timber buildings — Numerical and experimental investigations}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029623011859}, volume = 295, year = 2023 }
9. Tapia Camú, C., Wagner, H. J., Treml, S., Menges, A., & Aicher, S. (2023). Point-Support Reinforcement for a Highly Efficient Timber Hollow Core Slab System. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2978–2986. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0388
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  @conference{tapia2023pointsupport, address = {Oslo, Norway}, author = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Treml, Simon and Menges, Achim and Aicher, Simon}, booktitle = {World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}, doi = {10.52202/069179-0388}, pages = {2978-2986}, title = {Point-Support Reinforcement for a Highly Efficient Timber Hollow Core Slab System}, year = 2023 }
10. Udaykumar, K., Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2023). Interactive Gradient-Based Optimization Method for Column-slab Structures. In Y. M. Xie, J. Burry, T. U. Lee, & J. Ma (Eds.), Integration of Design and Fabrication (pp. 1574--1584). International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS).
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  @incollection{Udaykumar.2023, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, author = {Udaykumar, Keerthana and Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Menges, Achim and Knippers, Jan}, booktitle = {Integration of Design and Fabrication}, editor = {Xie, Yi Min and Burry, Jane and Lee, Ting Uei and Ma, Jiaming}, pages = {1574--1584}, publisher = {{International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS)}}, title = {Interactive Gradient-Based Optimization Method for Column-slab Structures}, year = 2023 }
2022
1. Chai, H., Guo, Z., Wagner, H. J., Stark, T., Menges, A., & Yuan, P. F. (2022). In-Situ Robotic Fabrication of Spatial Glulam Structures. Proceedings of the 27th CAADRIA Conference, Sydney, 9-15 April 2022, 2, 41--50. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.2.041
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  @inproceedings{Chai2022, abstract = {While current approaches in timber construction stress the advantages of off-site prefabrication, glued laminated timber(glulam) structures is limited to the constraints of standardized, prefabricated mostly linear elements, which also lends itself only to building typologies that offer an increased level of standardization and regularity. The design freedom of timber structures is incomparable to that of reinforced concrete structures, which mostly gains from the in-situ fabrication process. An in-situ robotic timber fabrication platform allows the on-site construction of glulam structures with highly differentiated networks of beams composed of robotically assembled discrete linear elements. Based on the possibilities of such mobile robotic fabrication process, this paper explores novel architectural typologies of spatial glulam structures. The research is conducted from several aspects including joint tectonics, design method, and robotic fabrication process. A large-scale pavilion is designed and fabricated to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. This research could provide a novel mode of in-situ robotic timber fabrication and corresponding glulam structure system for timber construction.}, author = {Chai, Hua and Guo, Zhixian and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Stark, Tim and Menges, Achim and Yuan, Philip F}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th CAADRIA Conference, Sydney, 9-15 April 2022}, doi = {10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.2.041}, file = {:G\:/Other computers/My Laptop/LEBEN/WORK/04_ICD/01_Publikationen/2002_MOBILE_ROBOT/2112_CAADRIA_Spatial_Glulam/caadria2022_245.pdf:pdf}, pages = {41--50}, title = {{In-Situ Robotic Fabrication of Spatial Glulam Structures}}, url = {http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/caadria2022_245}, volume = 2, year = 2022 }
2. Krtschil, A., Orozco, L., Bechert, S., Wagner, H. J., Amtsberg, F., Chen, T.-Y., Shah, A., Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2022). Structural development of a novel punctually supported timber building system for multi-storey construction. Journal of Building Engineering, 58, 104972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104972
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  @article{Krtschil_2022, author = {Krtschil, Anna and Orozco, Luis and Bechert, Simon and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Amtsberg, Felix and Chen, Tzu-Ying and Shah, Anand and Menges, Achim and Knippers, Jan}, doi = {10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104972}, journal = {Journal of Building Engineering}, month = {10}, pages = 104972, publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, title = {Structural development of a novel punctually supported timber building system for multi-storey construction}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2022.104972}, volume = 58, year = 2022 }
3. Krtschil, A., Orozco, L., Wagner, H. J., Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2022). Conceptual development and comparison of two punctually supported timber slab systems. Doktorandenkolloquium Holzbau Forschung + Praxis.
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  @inproceedings{Krtschil.2022, author = {Krtschil, Anna and Orozco, Luis and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Menges, Achim and Knippers, Jan}, booktitle = {Doktorandenkolloquium Holzbau Forschung + Praxis}, title = {Conceptual development and comparison of two punctually supported timber slab systems}, year = 2022 }
4. Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Skoury, L., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2022). Arrangement of reinforcement in variable density timber slab systems for multi-story construction. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 20(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/14780771221135003
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  @article{Orozco_2022, author = {Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Skoury, Lior and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.1177/14780771221135003}, journal = {International Journal of Architectural Computing}, month = {10}, number = 4, pages = {707--727}, publisher = {{SAGE} Publications}, title = {Arrangement of reinforcement in variable density timber slab systems for multi-story construction}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14780771221135003}, volume = 20, year = 2022 }
5. Svatoš-Ražnjević, H., Orozco, L., & Menges, A. (2022). Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Review of 350 Multi-Storey Timber Projects from 2000–2021. Buildings, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040404
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  @article{buildings12040404, abstract = {Throughout the last two decades the timber building sector has experienced a steady growth in multi-storey construction. Although there has been a growing number of research focused on trends, benefits, and disadvantages in timber construction from various technical perspectives, so far there is no extensive literature on the trajectory of emerging architectural typologies. This paper presents an examination of architectural variety and spatial possibilities in current serial and modular multi-storey timber construction. It aims to draw a parallel between architectural characteristics and their relation to structural systems in timber. The research draws from a collection of 350 contemporary multi-storey timber building projects between 2000 and 2021. It consists of 300 built projects, 12 projects currently in construction, and 38 design proposals. The survey consists of quantitative and qualitative project data, as well as classification of the structural system, material, program, massing, and spatial organization of the projects. It then compares the different structural and design aspects to achieve a comprehensive overview of possibilities in timber construction. The outcome is an identification of the range of morphologies and a better understanding of the design space in current serial and modular multi-storey mass timber construction.}, article-number = {404}, author = {Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hana and Orozco, Luis and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.3390/buildings12040404}, issn = {2075-5309}, journal = {Buildings}, number = 4, title = {Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Review of 350 Multi-Storey Timber Projects from 2000–2021}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/4/404}, volume = 12, year = 2022 }
6. Tapia, C., Claus, M., & Aicher, S. (2022). A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates. Construction and Building Materials, 340, 127645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127645
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  @article{Tapia_2022, abstract = {A new connection concept for joining cross-laminated timber (CLT) plates in their secondary direction is presented. The connection consists of two laminated veneer lumber (LVL) gusset plates with finger-joint-like profiles milled on one side which are glued onto the outermost layers of the CLT. It is demonstrated that the joint represents a stiff moment resistant connection, enabling the activation of the normally underutilized biaxiality of CLT plates and expanding the design freedom of architects and engineers. The concept was analyzed by means of analytical and finite element (FE) models for two geometry alternatives, differing in either a 2D or 3D tapered finger profile. The 3D tapered finger profile produced a stress reduction of around 5% in the region of stress concentration and a more even shear stress distribution on the bonded surface. Thereafter, four specimens were manufactured – two of each geometry alternative – and then tested in four- and three-point bending setups in order to assess the behavior at pure bending as well as at combined moment and shear loading, respectively. At pure bending, the studied connection delivered bending capacities of 100% of the characteristic value of the unjointed CLT material. For the case of moment and shear loading, the global capacity was determined by a bending failure in the CLT region subjected to maximum moment, while the joints remained unbroken. Measured deformations and strains during the tests validated the FE model, which can be used to further develop the connection concept, which allows for a full activation of the biaxial behavior of large-span CLT floors.}, author = {Tapia, Cristóbal and Claus, Marian and Aicher, Simon}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127645}, issn = {0950-0618}, journal = {Construction and Building Materials}, pages = 127645, title = {A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061822013204}, volume = 340, year = 2022 }
2021
1. Aicher, S., & Simon, K. (2021). Rigid Glulam Joints with Glued-in Rods Subjected to Axial and Lateral Force Action. Proceedings of the International Network on Timber Engineering Research (INTER) – Meeting 54, 113–128.
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  @inproceedings{Aicher_2021, author = {Aicher, Simon and Simon, Kai}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Network on Timber Engineering Research (INTER) – Meeting 54}, issn = {2199-9740}, pages = {113–128}, publisher = {Timber Sciuentific Publishing, KIT Holzbau und Baukostruktionen}, title = {Rigid Glulam Joints with Glued-in Rods Subjected to Axial and Lateral Force Action}, year = 2021 }
2. Müller, T., Borschewski, D., Albrecht, S., Leistner, P., & Späh, M. (2021). The Dilemma of Balancing Design for Impact Sound with Environmental Performance in Wood Ceiling Systems—A Building Physics Perspective. Sustainability, 13(16), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168715
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  @article{Mueller_2021, author = {Müller, Theresa and Borschewski, David and Albrecht, Stefan and Leistner, Philip and Späh, Moritz}, doi = {10.3390/su13168715}, journal = {Sustainability}, month = {08}, number = 16, pages = 8715, publisher = {{MDPI} {AG}}, title = {The Dilemma of Balancing Design for Impact Sound with Environmental Performance in Wood Ceiling Systems{\textemdash}A Building Physics Perspective}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13168715}, volume = 13, year = 2021 }
3. Müller, T., Flemming, D., Janowsky, I., Di Bari, R., Harder, N., & Leistner, P. (2021). Bauphysikalische und ökologische Potenziale von Gebäuden in Holzbauweise. Bauphysik, 43(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/bapi.202100011
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  @article{https://doi.org/10.1002/bapi.202100011, abstract = {Abstract Aufgrund des hohen und zunehmenden Ressourcenverbrauchs von Gebäuden ist der Bausektor einer der Hauptverursacher von Umweltbelastungen. Als Folge dessen wächst die Aufmerksamkeit für ressourcenschonende und nachhaltige Werkstoffe, Konstruktionen und Lösungen. Holzbauweisen bieten hierbei zahlreiche ökologische und konstruktive Anknüpfungspunkte. Ihre spezifischen stofflichen, konstruktiven und fertigungstechnischen Merkmale sind bereits Gegenstand bauphysikalischer Untersuchungen, die sich aktuell mehr und mehr auf massive Holzbauteile sowie neue Impulse der Verarbeitungs- und Vorfertigungstechnik ausweiten. Im Rahmen einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung werden in diesem Beitrag sowohl die wärme-, feuchte- und schalltechnischen als auch die ökologischen Eigenschaften von Flächenbauteilen in Holzrahmen- und Holzmassivbauweise gegenübergestellt. Im Vergleich mit Stahlbetonkonstruktionen wird gezeigt, dass die vorhandenen Daten und Methoden Planungsentscheidungen nach bauphysikalischen und ökologischen Kriterien unterstützen können. Zugleich werden Potenziale der Bauweisen erkennbar, die sich durch Weiterentwicklung einlösen lassen.}, author = {Müller, Theresa and Flemming, Daniela and Janowsky, Isabel and Di Bari, Roberta and Harder, Nadine and Leistner, Philip}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bapi.202100011}, eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bapi.202100011}, journal = {Bauphysik}, number = 3, pages = {174-185}, title = {Bauphysikalische und ökologische Potenziale von Gebäuden in Holzbauweise}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bapi.202100011}, volume = 43, year = 2021 }
4. Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Wagner, H. J., Bechert, S., Amtsberg, F., Skoury, L., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2021). Design Methods for Variable Density, Multi-Directional Composite Timber Slab Systems for Multi-Storey. In V. Stojakovic & B. Tepavcevic (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference (Vol. 1, pp. 303--312). Cumincad. http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaade2021_284
  - BibTeX
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  @inproceedings{Orozco2021, abstract = {This paper presents an agent-based method for the design of complex timber structures. This method features a multi-level agent simulation, that relies on a feedback loop between agent systems and structural simulations that update the agent environment. Such an approach can usefully be applied for the design of variable density timber slab systems, where material arrangements based on structural, fabrication, and architectural boundary conditions are necessary. Such arrangements can lead to multi-directional spanning slabs that can accept pointwise supports in unique layouts. We discuss the implementation of such a method on the basis of the structural design of a pavilion-scale multi-storey testing setup. The presented method enables a more versatile approach to the design of multi-storey timber buildings, which should increase their applicability to a diverse range of building typologies.}, address = {Novi Sad}, author = {Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Bechert, Simon and Amtsberg, Felix and Skoury, Lior and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference}, editor = {Stojakovic, V and Tepavcevic, B}, file = {:C\:/Users/ac128044/Google Drive/ICD_Wagner/01_Publikationen/PUBLICATION_COLLECTION/2021_ECAADE_METHODS_SLAB_DESIGN.pdf:pdf}, pages = {303--312}, publisher = {Cumincad}, title = {Design Methods for Variable Density, Multi-Directional Composite Timber Slab Systems for Multi-Storey}, url = {http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaade2021_284}, volume = 1, year = 2021 }
5. Tapia, C., Stimpfle, L., & Aicher, S. (2021). A scalable column-CLT-slab connection for open-plan high-rise timber buildings. Proceedings of WCTE 2021 - World Conference on Timber Engineering.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{tapia_2021, abstract = {It is reported on first results regrading a novel column-to-slab connection suited for multi-storey timberbuildings. The emphasis is on the development of a new constructive solution for a scalable, bespoken connection type,which enables to overcome today’s rigid rectangular floor grid restrictions, thus enabling open-plan and flexible spacearchitecture. The paper firstly reveals some of the recent developments of column-to-slab solutions in engineered timberconstruction. Then the constructive detailing, the finite element based modelling and some test results of a bondedconnection, manufactured exclusively out of wood, are presented. The novel solution is based on specific orthogonallylayered and stepped inserts, based on laminated veneer lumber (LVL) from beech wood, which are bonded into preciselyfitting cavities in the CLT. The connection was developed within the frame of the Science Cluster of Excellence IntCDC(Integrated Computational Design and Construction for Architecture), allocated at the University of Stuttgart. }, address = {Santiago, Chile}, author = {Tapia, Cristóbal and Stimpfle, Lisa and Aicher, Simon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of WCTE 2021 - World Conference on Timber Engineering}, eventtitle = {World Conference on Timber Engineering}, title = {A scalable column-CLT-slab connection for open-plan high-rise timber buildings}, year = 2021 }
6. Wagner, H. J., Aicher, S., Balangé, L., Basalla, U., Schwieger, V., & Menges, A. (2021). Qualities of the Unique: Accuracy and Process-Control Management in Project-based Robotic Timber Construction. World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021 - WCTE 2021.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{Wagner2021b, abstract = {Computational design and robotic fabrication open up novel possibilities for more resource efficient timber structures. These methods enable the production of tailor-made and differentiated building components that integrate design intention, robotic fabrication, structural performance, assembly logics and functional aspects but require advanced strategies to achieve and control production quality. We present methods to assure the quality control of the fast-paced production of the BUGA Wood Pavilion – a 500m² segmented wood shell structure - that was erected within 13 months from commission to opening. In this project, 376 bespoke hollow wood cassettes were robotically assembled, glued and milled to shapes. In order to achieve structurally performative tight-fit joints, minimal tolerances in the fabrication process needed to be achieved. Furthermore, the quality of the gluing interface, its tolerances, individual pressing forces, process- and environmental factors needed to be respected for the design and operation of robotic gluing processes to meet building regulations. New challenges arise for the design, management and control of production quality when co-dependent and integrated innovations are brought forward in respect to both building system as well as fabrication automation on a per- project level. Novel frameworks will need to be established that dwell on digital technologies for faster and more reliable process and quality control in timber construction. Acting as a catalyst, such mechanisms are of fundamental importance to enable rapid and continuous advancements in socio-culturally rooted project-based robotic timber construction.}, address = {Santiago, Chile}, author = {Wagner, Hans Jakob and Aicher, Simon and Balang{\'{e}}, Laura and Basalla, Urs and Schwieger, Volker and Menges, Achim}, booktitle = {World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021 - WCTE 2021}, file = {:C\:/Users/ac128044/Google Drive/ICD_Wagner/01_Publikationen/PUBLICATION_COLLECTION/2021_WCTE_QUALITIES_OF_UNIQUE.pdf:pdf}, title = {{Qualities of the Unique: Accuracy and Process-Control Management in Project-based Robotic Timber Construction}}, year = 2021 }
7. Wagner, H. J., Garufi, D., Schwinn, T., Wood, D. M., & Menges, A. (2021). Three-Dimensional Fibre Placement in Wood for connections and reinforcements in timber structures. In S. A. Behnejad, G. A. R. Parke, & O. A. Samavati (Eds.), Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2020/21 and the 7th International Conference on Spatial Structures. IASS.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{Wagner2021, abstract = {In this paper we introduce a novel design to fabrication method called three-dimensional fibre placement in wood (3D-FPW) and demonstrate its applicability for lightweight hybrid timber structures. 3D-FPW allows for the joining and reinforcement through a combination of (1) minimally invasive subtractive CNC milling operations during the prefabrication of wooden building components and (2) the subsequent insertion of continuous fibrous materials to reinforce them and/or connect them on-site. Although natural fibres can be used for such technique, the presented work focuses on CFRP tows - that have a special advantage as they can be cured via electrical current in-place without oven or autoclave while the wood material acts both as insulator and formwork. The three-dimensional geometries of the discussed fibrous arrangements are hardly limited in their form which makes precise computational design strategies the cornerstone for an effective exploration, understanding and exploitation of the design potentials of such structures. We show how principal local stress-directions, fabrication specifications as well as design- and environmental considerations can be considered to form-find meaningful fibrous layouts within such structures. The proposed technique most notably creates novel performance-spectrums for sustainable, ultra-lightweight bespoke wood architecture by enabling tailor- made bending resistant on-site connections, that break free from added weight, expense and the intensive energy footprint of steel connectors. We further discuss our investigations within this framework through the prototypical fabrication of physical demonstrators that represent a comprehensive set of wood building system typologies: custom fibre-reinforced slab plates, a segmented plate shell structure and a polygonal lattice shell structure.}, author = {Wagner, Hans Jakob and Garufi, Dominga and Schwinn, Tobias and Wood, Dylan Marx and Menges, Achim}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2020/21 and the 7th International Conference on Spatial Structures}, editor = {Behnejad, S.A. and Parke, G.A.R. and Samavati, O.A.}, file = {:C\:/Users/ac128044/Google Drive/ICD_Wagner/01_Publikationen/1809_FIBRE_TIMBER/2107_IASS_Surrey/Paper Submission/IASS_3D_Fibre_Placement_in_Wood.pdf:pdf}, organization = {IASS }, title = {Three-Dimensional Fibre Placement in Wood for connections and reinforcements in timber structures}, venue = {Guilford (UK)}, year = 2021 }

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

2023
1. Cristóbal, T. Camú., Amtsberg, F., Münzer, A., Aicher, S., & Menges, A. (2023). Rotational Stiffness of Newly Developed LVL-based Column-Head Reinforcement for Point-Supported Slab-Column Building Systems. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 688–697. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0094
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @conference{cristobal2023rotational, address = {Oslo, Norway}, author = {Cristóbal, Tapia Camú. and Amtsberg, Felix and Münzer, Aaron and Aicher, Simon and Menges, Achim}, booktitle = {World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}, doi = {10.52202/069179-0094}, pages = {688-697}, title = {Rotational Stiffness of Newly Developed LVL-based Column-Head Reinforcement for Point-Supported Slab-Column Building Systems}, year = 2023 }
2022
1. Chai, H., Wagner, H. J., Guo, Z., Qi, Y., Menges, A., & Yuan, P. F. (2022). Computational design and on-site mobile robotic construction of an adaptive reinforcement beam network for cross-laminated timber slab panels. Automation in Construction, 142(August), Article August. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104536
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @article{Chai2022, abstract = {Timber slabs design is currently limited to grid layouts derived from prefabricated rectangular panels. The lack of adaptability of timber slabs to accommodate multiple span directions makes it difficult to compete with reinforced concrete slabs constructed on site. This paper describes an adaptive slab system composed of thin Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels and robot-fabricated beam networks for reinforcement. The beam network was developed through intricate negotiation of structural optimization and fabrication constraints, which can adapt to changes in slab span and directions. A mobile robot platform that allows for on-site assembly of timber sticks into continuous beam networks was developed. The robot platform and slab system were tested with a case study pavilion. The co-design of the robot platform and the slab system fills the gap in on-site robotic timber construction and expands the design freedom of timber buildings.}, author = {Chai, Hua and Wagner, Hans Jakob and Guo, Zhixian and Qi, Yue and Menges, Achim and Yuan, Philip F.}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104536}, file = {:G\:/Other computers/My Laptop/LEBEN/WORK/04_ICD/03_PhD/Reading/1-s2.0-S0926580522004071-main (1).pdf:pdf}, issn = {09265805}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, month = {10}, number = {August}, pages = 104536, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, title = {{Computational design and on-site mobile robotic construction of an adaptive reinforcement beam network for cross-laminated timber slab panels}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104536 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926580522004071}, volume = 142, year = 2022 }
2. Müller, T., & Di Bari, R. (2022). Akustisches Verhalten von Holzgeschossdecken ökologisch neu gestalten. In Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2022. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. (DEGA).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @misc{muller2022akustisches, abstract = {Die Erreichbarkeit der akustischen Qualität von Geschossdecken in Holzkonstruktionen stellt aufgrund der geringen Masse und Steifigkeit eine Herausforderung dar. Die für den Leichtbau typische erhöhte Schallübertragung im tieffrequenten Bereich kann zu Unbehagen bei den Nutzern führen. Optimierungsansätze ergeben oftmals suboptimale Lösungen, wie z.B. das Hinzufügen von zusätzlicher Masse und Steifigkeit in Form von Betonelementen. Diese Ansätze stehen im Widerspruch zu den modernen Ansprüchen im Bauwesen und der Architektur sowie zu den Vorteilen von Holz, die durch Nachhaltigkeit und geringes Eigengewicht charakterisiert sind. Im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Planungsprozess hat das Exzellenzcluster IntCDC an der Universität Stuttgart die Untersuchung von integrativen Ansätzen (Co-Design) als zentrale Zielsetzung. Dies soll die methodischen Grundlagen für eine Modernisierung des Bauschaffens legen. Mit einem Co-Design sowie unter Zuhilfenahme neuartiger digitaler Technologien und sowohl Entwurfs- als auch Planungstechniken können innovative Lösungskonzepte entwickelt werden, die das Schwingungsverhalten von Geschossdecken verbessern und die Umweltvorteile von Holz beibehalten. Dies ermöglicht die Betrachtung ökologischer Herausforderungen im Sinne eines ganzheitlichen und digitalen Planungsprozesses, um zur Schaffung einer qualitätsvollen und nachhaltig gebauten Umwelt beizutragen. Der Zusammenhang und die Wechselwirkung zwischen akustischer Performanz und der ökologischen Qualität von Holzdeckenkonstruktionen wird deutlich anhand eines Vergleiches mit konventionellen Deckenelementen aus Beton im Rahmen einer ganzheitlichen Untersuchung.}, author = {Müller, Theresa and Di Bari, Roberta}, booktitle = {Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2022}, eventdate = {21.-24.03.2022}, organization = {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. (DEGA) }, title = {Akustisches Verhalten von Holzgeschossdecken ökologisch neu gestalten}, year = 2022 }
3. Müller, T., & Leistner, P. (2022). Integrative Ansätze zur Schwingungsreduzierung von Holzgeschossdecken. In Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2022. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. (DEGA).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @misc{mullerintegrative, abstract = {Die Reduktion von Körperschall in Leichtbaukonstruktionen steht im Fokus aktueller bauphysikalischer Fragestellungen. Die Schallübertragung durch Trittschall weist bei derartigen Konstruktionsarten hohes Störpotential auf und stellt Beeinträchtigungen für den Nutzerkomfort dar. Besonders im Holzbau gilt daher der Vermeidung der typischen tieffrequenten Schallübertragung im Inneren von Gebäuden besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Herkömmliche Lösungen zielen auf das Aufbringen zusätzlicher Masse in Form von Schüttungen oder Beschwerungen auf Holzgeschossdecken ab, um die schallerzeugenden Schwingungen der Strukturen zu reduzieren. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung von integrativen Ansätzen als eine der Zielsetzungen des Exzellenzclusters IntCDC an der Universität Stuttgart, stehen mithilfe interdisziplinarer Planungsansätze und digitaler Technologien neue Methoden zur Verfügung, die die Entwurfskonzepte von Architektur und Bauwesen modernisieren und das dynamische Tragverhalten aus akustischer und struktureller Sicht frühzeitig im Planungsprozess berücksichtigen. In Kombination mit modernen robotergestützten Fertigungsund Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten können potentielle Lösungen realisiert werden, die im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen schwingungsreduzierenden Maßnahmen weniger zusätzliche Masse und verschiedenartige Materialien benötigen.}, address = {Stuttgart}, author = {Müller, Theresa and Leistner, Philip}, booktitle = {Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2022}, organization = {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. (DEGA) }, title = {Integrative Ansätze zur Schwingungsreduzierung von Holzgeschossdecken}, year = 2022 }
4. Wagner, H. J. (2022). Digitale Fabrikation: Was bringt uns die Zukunft? In 2. Internationaler Kongress Holzbau: Technik+Wirtschaft (HTW) (pp. 91--102). FORUM HOLZBAU.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @incollection{Wagner2022, address = {Memmingen}, author = {Wagner, Hans Jakob}, booktitle = {2. Internationaler Kongress Holzbau: Technik+Wirtschaft (HTW)}, file = {:G\:/Other computers/My Laptop/LEBEN/WORK/04_ICD/01_Publikationen/PUBLICATION_COLLECTION/2022_FORUM_HBW_Wagner.pdf:pdf}, isbn = {978-3-906226-43-9}, pages = {91--102}, publisher = {FORUM HOLZBAU}, title = {{Digitale Fabrikation: Was bringt uns die Zukunft?}}, year = 2022 }
2021
1. Aicher, S., Simon, K., & Zisi, N. (2021). Screw-gluing of ribbed timber elements – effects of screw spacing and plate stiffness on bond line cramping pressure. Otto Graf Journal, 20, 9--38.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @article{Aicher_2021, author = {Aicher, Simon and Simon, Kai and Zisi, Nikola}, editor = {Garrecht, H. and Reinhardt, H. W. and Mielich, O.}, journal = {Otto Graf Journal}, location = {Stuttgart, Germany}, pages = {9--38}, publisher = {Otto-Graf-Institute (FMPA), University of Stuttgart}, title = {Screw-gluing of ribbed timber elements – effects of screw spacing and plate stiffness on bond line cramping pressure}, volume = 20, year = 2021 }
2. Claus, M., Tapia, C., & Aicher, S. (2021). Bond line characteristics of new edge connections of cross-laminated timber in the weak direction based on milled profiled connection plates from laminated veneer lumber made of beech. Otto Graf Journal, 20, 39--60.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @article{Claus_2021, author = {Claus, Marian and Tapia, Cristóbal and Aicher, Simon}, editor = {Garrecht, H. and Reinhardt, H. W. and Mielich, O.}, journal = {Otto Graf Journal}, location = {Stuttgart, Germany}, pages = {39--60}, publisher = {Otto-Graf-Institute (FMPA), University of Stuttgart}, title = {Bond line characteristics of new edge connections of cross-laminated timber in the weak direction based on milled profiled connection plates from laminated veneer lumber made of beech}, volume = 20, year = 2021 }
2020
1. Stimpfle, L. (2020). Skalierbarer Stützen-Decken-Anschluss mit eingeklebten Furnierschichtholz-Verstärkungen für mehrgeschossige Holzbauten --- Detaillierung, Berechnung, Versuche.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @mastersthesis{stimpfle_2020, address = {Stuttgart, Germany}, author = {Stimpfle, Lisa}, institution = {University of Stuttgart}, title = {Skalierbarer Stützen-Decken-Anschluss mit eingeklebten Furnierschichtholz-Verstärkungen für mehrgeschossige Holzbauten --- Detaillierung, Berechnung, Versuche}, year = 2020 }
2. Tapia, C., Stimpfle, L., & Aicher, S. (2020). A new column-to-slab connection for multi-storey timber buildings. Otto Graf Journal, 19, 297--317.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @article{Tapia_2020, abstract = {It is reported on first results regrading a novel column-to-slab connection suited for multi-storey timber buildings. The emphasis is on the development of a new constructive solution for a scalable, bespoken connection type, which enables to overcome today's rigid rectangular floor grid restrictions, thus enabling open-plan and flexible space architecture. The paper firstly reveals some of the recent developments of column-to-slab solutions in engineered timber construction. Then the constructive detailing, the finite element based modelling and some test results of a bonded connection, manufactured exclusively out of wood, are presented. The novel solution is based on specific orthogonally layered and stepped inserts, based on laminated veneer lumber (LVL) from beech wood, which are bonded into precisely fitting cavities in the CLT. The connection enables a multidirectional load transfer, being a prime requisite to enable biaxial plate action of the CLT elements, which span today almost exclusively uniaxially in their strong direction. The detailing and foremost the manufacture of the developed connection relies essentially on high precision CNC milling, which plays a key role in advanced timber connection solutions. This is especially true for the case of bonded connections which require very small tolerances. The novel connection was developed within the frame of the Science Cluster of Excellence IntCDC (Integrated Computational Design and Construction for Architecture), allocated at the University of Stuttgart.}, author = {Tapia, Cristobal and Stimpfle, Lisa and Aicher, Simon}, editor = {Garrecht, H. and Reinhardt, H. W. and Mielich, O.}, issn = {0938-409X}, journal = {Otto Graf Journal}, location = {Stuttgart, Germany}, pages = {297--317}, publisher = {Otto-Graf-Institute (FMPA), University of Stuttgart}, title = {A new column-to-slab connection for multi-storey timber buildings}, volume = 19, year = 2020 }

DATA SETS

2023
1. Orozco, L., Krtschil, A., Wagner, H.-J., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). Floor Plate Segmentation Data. DaRUS. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-3539
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{orozco2023floor, abstract = {This repository contains the geometric results of six developed computational floor plate segmentation methods as applied to sixteen example floor plans. It includes the floor plate boundaries, column locations, and plate edges for each resulting segmentation, as well as the geometry results of their respective nesting studies. This data set offers geometric information from which quantitative values can be extracted for the comparison of these segmentation methods. This repository also contains the input files for the structural simulation in Sofistik 2020 of six developed segmentation methods applied to 16 Case Studies. }, affiliation = {Orozco, Luis/Universität Stuttgart, Krtschil, Anna/Universität Stuttgart, Wagner, Hans Jakob/Universität Stuttgart, Knippers, Jan/Universität Stuttgart, Menges, Achim/Universität Stuttgart}, author = {Orozco, Luis and Krtschil, Anna and Wagner, Hans-Jakob and Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.18419/darus-3539}, howpublished = {Dataset}, note = {Related to: Orozco, L., Wagner, H. J., Krtschil, A., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). Computational segmentation methods for the material efficient Co-Design of point-supported, grid-independent floor slabs in timber architecture. CAD Journal(x), Submitted for Pre-Print}, orcid-numbers = {Orozco, Luis/0000-0003-0665-8527, Krtschil, Anna/0000-0002-1407-5420, Wagner, Hans Jakob/0000-0001-8600-8481, Knippers, Jan/0000-0002-6683-8004, Menges, Achim/0000-0001-9055-4039}, publisher = {DaRUS}, title = {Floor Plate Segmentation Data}, year = 2023 }
2. Tapia Camu, C. A., & Aicher, S. (2023). Replication Data for: A new concept for column-to-column connections for multi-storey timber buildings - Numerical and experimental investigations. DaRUS. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-3318
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{tapiacamu2023replication, abstract = {This repository contains the experimental data of the tests described in the paper, as well as the python scripts used for the analysis of the data. Also, the finite element model in form of an Abaqus python script is included. }, affiliation = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/University of Stuttgart, Aicher, Simon/University of Stuttgart}, author = {Tapia Camu, Cristobal Arnoldo and Aicher, Simon}, doi = {10.18419/darus-3318}, howpublished = {Dataset}, note = {Related to: C. Tapia and S. Aicher (2023), A new concept for column-to-column connections for multi-storey timber buildings - Numerical and experimental investigations, Engineering Structures, (in review)}, orcid-numbers = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/0000-0003-2228-1686, Aicher, Simon/0000-0003-1759-9884}, publisher = {DaRUS}, title = {Replication Data for: A new concept for column-to-column connections for multi-storey timber buildings - Numerical and experimental investigations}, year = 2023 }
2022
1. Abdelaal, M., Schiele, N. D., Angerbauer, K., Kurzhals, K., Sedlmair, M., & Weiskopf, D. (2022). Supplemental Materials for: Comparative Evaluation of Bipartite, Node-Link, and Matrix-Based Network Representations. DaRUS. https://doi.org/10.18419/DARUS-3100
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-3100, author = {Abdelaal, Moataz and Schiele, Nathan Daniel and Angerbauer, Katrin and Kurzhals, Kuno and Sedlmair, Michael and Weiskopf, Daniel}, doi = {10.18419/DARUS-3100}, publisher = {DaRUS}, title = {Supplemental Materials for: Comparative Evaluation of Bipartite, Node-Link, and Matrix-Based Network Representations}, url = {https://darus.uni-stuttgart.de/citation?persistentId=doi:10.18419/darus-3100}, year = 2022 }
2. Nguyen, L., Schwinn, T., Groenewolt, A., Maierhofer, M., Zorn, M. B., Stieler, D., Siriwardena, L., Kannenberg, F., & Menges, A. (2022). ABxM.Core: The Core Libraries of the ABxM Framework. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-2994
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{nguyen2022abxmcore, abstract = {The ABxM.Core consists of the agent core library ABxM.Core and an interoperability library for Rhino 6 and later versions. ABxM.Core implements the functionality specific to agent-based modelling and simulation. The core library can, in principle, be referenced from any application that is compatible with McNeel’s Rhino.Inside technology.ABxM.Core defines four base classes for behaviors, agents, agent systems, and environments, and the Solver class. In addition to the base classes, the core library provides implementations for Vector-based systems called “Boid” (in reference to Craig Reynolds’ Boids), point-based systems called “Cartesian”, matrix-based systems (2d and 3d), mesh systems, and network systems. The necessary agent, system, environment, and behavior classes are derived from the corresponding base classes.Instructions for the use of the source code are included in the file "ABxM.Core-Further_instructions.pdf".}, affiliation = {Nguyen, Long/University of Stuttgart, Schwinn, Tobias/University of Stuttgart, Groenewolt, Abel/University of Stuttgart, Maierhofer, Mathias/University of Stuttgart, Zorn, Max Benjamin/University of Stuttgart, Stieler, David/University of Stuttgart, Siriwardena, Lasath/University of Stuttgart, Kannenberg, Fabian/University of Stuttgart, Menges, Achim/University of Stuttgart}, author = {Nguyen, Long and Schwinn, Tobias and Groenewolt, Abel and Maierhofer, Mathias and Zorn, Max Benjamin and Stieler, David and Siriwardena, Lasath and Kannenberg, Fabian and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.18419/darus-2994}, howpublished = {Software}, note = {Related to: Groenewolt, A., Schwinn, T., Nguyen, L., & Menges, A. (2018). An interactive agent-based framework for materialization-informed architectural design. Swarm Intelligence, 12(2), 155-186. doi: 10.1007/s11721-017-0151-8}, orcid-numbers = {Schwinn, Tobias/0000-0003-4974-9808, Groenewolt, Abel/0000-0002-0914-6474, Maierhofer, Mathias/0000-0002-0773-7107, Zorn, Max Benjamin/0000-0003-0109-1963, Stieler, David/0000-0002-3854-0016, Siriwardena, Lasath/0000-0001-9100-1321, Kannenberg, Fabian/0000-0003-0316-1769, Menges, Achim/0000-0001-9055-4039}, title = {ABxM.Core: The Core Libraries of the ABxM Framework}, year = 2022 }
3. Orozco, L., Svatoš-Ražnjević, H., & Menges, A. (2022). Stakeholders in Multi-storey Timber Data: 540 Design and Construction Players of 300 Mass-Timber Projects from 2000-2021. DaRUS. https://doi.org/10.18419/DARUS-2740
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{orozco2022stakeholders, author = {Orozco, Luis and Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hana and Menges, Achim}, doi = {10.18419/DARUS-2740}, publisher = {DaRUS}, title = {Stakeholders in Multi-storey Timber Data: 540 Design and Construction Players of 300 Mass-Timber Projects from 2000-2021}, url = {https://darus.uni-stuttgart.de/citation?persistentId=doi:10.18419/darus-2740}, year = 2022 }
4. Tapia Camu, C. A., & Claus, M. (2022). Replication Models for: A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-1259
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{tapiacamu2022replication, abstract = {This repository contains the implementation of the analytical and numerical models described and used in the paper to model the developed edge connection for CLT plates in the weak direction. The connection was developed within the frame of the cluster "Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture" (IntCDC) of the University of Stuttgart. }, affiliation = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/University of Stuttgart, Claus, Marian/University of Stuttgart}, author = {Tapia Camu, Cristobal Arnoldo and Claus, Marian}, doi = {10.18419/darus-1259}, howpublished = {Software}, note = {Related to: Tapia, C., Claus, M., Aicher, S. (2022), A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 340, 127645. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127645}, orcid-numbers = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/0000-0003-2228-1686, Claus, Marian/0000-0002-2349-9567}, title = {Replication Models for: A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates}, year = 2022 }
2021
1. Tapia Camú, C., & Claus, M. (2021). Experimental data for: A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates. DaRUS. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-1344
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{darus-1344_2021, author = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal and Claus, Marian}, doi = {10.18419/darus-1344}, publisher = {DaRUS}, title = {Experimental data for: A finger-joint based edge connection for the weak direction of CLT plates}, unf = {UNF:6:c9a4uwqq6Om8Y9uX/QSQiw==}, url = {https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-1344}, version = {V1}, year = 2021 }
2. Tapia Camú, C., Claus, M., & Aicher, S. (2021). Replication Data for: Bond line characteristics of a new screw-glued edge connection for the secondary load-bearing direction of CLT plates. https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-2153
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @dataset{tapiacamu2021replication, abstract = {This repository contains experimental data obtained from block shear tests performed on the bond surfaces of the connection for CLT plates presented in a related paper. Additional to the recorded shear strengths, the thickness of the bond surface was recorded at different locations, which was used to create a 2D contour plot of the thickness distribution throughout the bond surface. The python scripts used for the analysis of the data are provided.}, affiliation = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/University of Stuttgart, Claus, Marian/University of Stuttgart, Aicher, Simon/University of Stuttgart}, author = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal and Claus, Marian and Aicher, Simon}, doi = {10.18419/darus-2153}, howpublished = {Dataset}, note = {Related to: Claus, M., Tapia, C., Aicher, S. (2021), Bond line characteristics of a new screw-glued edge connection for the secondary load-bearing direction of CLT plates, Otto-Graf-Journal, Vol. 20, Materials Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany}, orcid-numbers = {Tapia Camú, Cristóbal/0000-0003-2228-1686, Claus, Marian/0000-0002-2349-9567, Aicher, Simon/0000-0003-1759-9884}, title = {Replication Data for: Bond line characteristics of a new screw-glued edge connection for the secondary load-bearing direction of CLT plates}, year = 2021 }

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